Thursday, 3 September 2015

সঙ্গীত সৃষ্টিত কল্পনা

হিৰণ্ময়ী দাস গগৈ
মানুহৰ শৰীৰত মনে, বিচাৰ বুদ্ধিৰ কাম কৰে। কল্পনা হ'ল মনৰ এক বিশিষ্ট শক্তি। কল্পনা শক্তিৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহে বিচিত্ৰতাৰ মাজত ঐক্যৰ সন্ধান কৰে আৰু একক ভাঙি বহু বিচিত্ৰতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।
সঙ্গীত সৃষ্টিৰ মূলতে কল্পনাই কাম কৰে। যি বিলাক বিষয় প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰা নাযায় কেৱল অনুভৱ আৰু অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি তাক কল্পনাৰ সহায়ত মগজুৱে প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰে। এনেদৰে সঙ্গীতৰ নৱ-নৱ ৰূপ সৃষ্টি হয়। সঙ্গীত হ'ল এক শিল্প । এই শিল্পৰ ৰূপ দিবলৈ শিল্পীয়ে কল্পনা শক্তিক সুৰৰ ৰূপত
প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰায়। শিল্পীৰ সৃষ্টি সুলভ মনৰ দ্বাৰা সঙ্গীতে বৈচিত্ৰতা লাভ কৰে। প্ৰাচীনকালত ধৰ্মৰ দ্বাৰা মানৱ সমাজ আৰু ব্যক্তিৰ জীৱন শাসিত হৈছিল। মানুহৰ কল্পনা শক্তিৰ দ্বাৰা মূৰ্তিমন্ত ভভগৱানক  পূজা-অৰ্চনা কৰিছিল। অন্য কথাত সঙ্গীতৰ দ্বাৰাই দেৱলোকৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন
কৰিছিল।  
প্ৰাচীন শাস্ত্ৰকাৰ সকলে ব্ৰহ্মা, শিৱ, সৰস্বতী, নাৰদ আদি দেৱ-দেৱী সকলক সঙ্গীতৰ উৎস ৰূপে কল্পনা কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰধান প্ৰধান ৰাগ সমূহ তেওঁলোকৰ মূৰ্ত্তিমান ৰূপ ধ্যান কৰি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে ভৈৰৱ, শঙ্কৰা আদি দেৱাদিদেৱ শিৱৰ ধ্যান কৰি, বাগেশ্ৰী সৰস্বতী দেৱীৰ ধ্যান কৰি ইত্যাদি ।
অসমীয়া লোক সঙ্গীতত পোৱা যায়---
       “ হৰ হৰ নন্দী ভৃঙ্গী                         
               স্ত্ততি কৰে গন্ধৰ্ব কিন্নৰে------
         সদাশিৱ দেৱ-দিগম্বৰ-----”
“সঙ্গীত দৰ্পণত” কল্পনা কৰা হৈছে –“ বিষ্ণুৰূপো মেঘ ৰাগো বীৰৰসে প্ৰযোজ্যতে”-----
মানুহে সঙ্গীত সৃষ্টি কৰোতে তাৰ বিষয় বস্তু কেৱল দেৱ-দেৱীতে যে সীমাবদ্ধ ৰাখিছে তেনে নহয়। শিল্পীৰ কল্পনাত ক্ৰমে মানৱ মূৰ্ত্তিয়ে ৰাগ ৰূপ লবলৈ ধৰিলে। দামোদৰ দেৱে শ্ৰীৰাগত ধ্যান কৰিছে,“শ্ৰীৰাগৰাজঃ ক্ষিতিপাল মূৰ্তিঃ।” ৰাগৰ কল্পনাৰ এই ধাৰা প্ৰসাৰ ঘটি ৰসিক সকলে ৰাগসমূহক ক্ৰমে স্ত্ৰী-পুৰুষ ভেদে কল্পনা কৰি তাৰ মাজত পতি-পত্নী, পুত্ৰ-কন্যা, পুত্ৰ-বধু আদি সম্পৰ্কও স্থাপন কৰে। সঙ্গীত মকৰন্দ গ্ৰন্থত নাৰদে ৰাগ সমূহক তিনিটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰিছে। ভাগ সমূহ হ’ল
স্ত্ৰী-পুৰুষ আৰু ক্লীৱ ।দামোদৰদেৱে সঙ্গীত দৰ্পণত উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে - -
               “ভৈৰৱঃ কৌশিকশ্বেৰ হিন্দোলো দীপকস্তথা ।
               শ্ৰীৰাগো মেঘৰাগশ্ব ষড়েতে পুৰুষাহ্বায়াঃ ।।”
এই ছয় ৰাগৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে পাচ গৰাকীকৈ পত্নী কল্পনা কৰি মুঠ ত্ৰিশটা ৰাগিনীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল।সঙ্গীত সৃষ্টিত কল্পনা ইয়াতে স্থবিৰ হোৱা নাই। সামাজিক বিবৰ্তনৰ লগে লগে কল্পনাৰ পৰিধি বহল হৈ দূৰ দিগন্ত স্পৰ্শ কৰিছে। লোক-সঙ্গীত আৰু শাস্ত্ৰীয় সঙ্গীতৰ সমন্নয় ঘটি নৱ-নৱ ৰাগৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। পাশ্চাত্য আৰু ভাৰতীয় সঙ্গীত মিহলি হৈ নতুন ফিউজন ৰূপ পাইছে। সঙ্গীত প্ৰেমিক ৰসিক শিল্পী সকলৰ কণ্ঠ আৰু সূৰ যিমান দূৰ অতিক্ৰম কৰিছে সঙ্গীতৰ বিষয় বস্তুৱেও সিমানেই বৈচিত্ৰতা লাভ কৰিছে। নৱ-নৱ বাদ্যৰ স্ংযোজনেও নতুন সঙ্গীত সৃষ্টিত অৰিহনা যোগাইছে। সামাজিক বিবৰ্তনৰ লগে লগে ৰসিক শ্ৰুতা আৰু সঙ্গীত শিল্পীৰো ৰুচিবোধৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হৈ আহিছে।সাহিত্য আৰু সঙ্গীতৰ ধাৰা বোৱতী নহলে ই জীয়াই থাকিব নোৱাৰে। সেয়ে জীয়াই ৰখাৰ
তাড়নাতেই হওঁক বা কল্পনা বিলাসৰ বাবেই হওঁক সঙ্গীত সৃষ্টিত বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ পৃথিৱীৰ দৈনন্দিন ঘটনা, ইতিহাস, প্ৰকৃতি, জলবায়ু , ৰাজনৈতিক উৎথান-পতন, খাদ্য, পোচাক, উৎসৱ, ইন্টাৰনেটৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আদি্য়ে স্থান পাইছে । সংগীত সৃষ্টিত মানৱৰ কল্পনা বিশ্বায়নে অধিকাৰ কৰি ললেও, মানৱৰ পৰস্পৰ লগত থকা আৱেগ অনুভূতিৰ সম্পৰ্কই সদায় অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ  পাইছে ।


Wednesday, 8 July 2015

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Hiranmayee Das Gogoi

0.0   INTRODUCTION

The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusion is called research. research is undertaken within most professions. it is a way of thinking; examining critically the various aspects of professional work. Research needs understanding and formulates guiding principles that govern a particular procedure. Through this seminar paper , the different methods which will help in understanding, formulating, developing and testing new theory and enhancement of research work of a particular topic will be highlighted. This paper also highlights the two major approaches to gather information about a situation, person, problem or phenomenon . Here , to major approaches of gathering information and data are categorized as "secondary data" and "primary data" will be discussed in details. The demographic picture for methods can be use in research work is also discussed here. This seminar paper will be able to open a definite direction for methods applied in research work for a particular topic.

0.1     OBJECTIVE
1)    To know the importance of methods to solve a research questions.



2)    To explore the methods that can be used for research work of a particular topic.


3)    To understand the ways of applying methods in a particular research work.





0.3   LITERARY REVIEW


The study about the methods used  in research work is taught as a supporting subject in several ways in academic disciplines at various levels by institution committed to a variety of research paradigms. So it is obvious that books , journals, magazines are available in every institution for study about research methods. Such ideas have also been expressed by some experts[1] that the basic logic of scientific methods are the same in all fields, its specific techniques and approaches will vary, depending upon the subject matter.

But every new research topic brings new challenges, that is why the methods should be reviewed and applied skillfully date for research work for particular topic, the methods may not be applicable that are available in books. So the intelligence
 of a particular person on how he/she  faces the problem and achieve the particular goal.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
0.4  HYPOTHESIS/RESEARCH QUESTIONS


Methods play a vital role in collecting data for research work of a particular topic.



0.5 WAYS OF METHODS USED IN RESEARCH TOPICS

 In research work ,a topic can be viewed from different angles and direction. To resolve the hypothesis or research question scholars have to cross different levels of unsolved question. It is a duty of a researcher to analyze the problems or statements from different points of view by avoiding emotions. Research needs different ways to solve the queries. The ways of solving the question are called research methods. The collection of information or solved questions are called data


There are two major approaches to gather information about a situation, person, problem or phenomenon. Sometimes the information required is already available and need to be only extracted or expand (adoption and assimilation). However there are times when the information must be collected. Based upon these broad approaches to information gathering, data are categorized as:

·             

                     primary data;
·                secondary data


Information gathered by interview, observation and the use of questionnaires are the three main methods classified under primary sources. Where the information required is already available ,such as books, government publications, report and previous research are called secondary sources.

Here is a flow chart of different methods:



 0.5  METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Example of primary sources are the findings of first hand information ; the style of singing classical music of a GHARANA, about the guru and disciples, their attitude toward heritage of Indian Classical music, provided by members of particular gharana is the primary source.
On the other hand if someone collects these information by reading books, journal, etc are called secondary source.
”None of the methods of data collection provides 100 percent accurate and reliable information"[2]



0.5.1  COLLECTING DATA USING PRIMARY SOURCES

Several methods can be used to collect primary data. In selecting a method of data collection, the socioeconomic- demographic characteristics of the study play an important role: one should know as much as possible about characteristics such as educational level, age structure socioeconomic status and ethnic background. If possible it is helpful to know the study population's interest in, and attitude towards, participation in study. Some population for a number of reasons, may not feel either at ease with a particular method of data collection (such as being interviewed) or comfortable to express opinions in a questionnaire. Furthermore people with less education may respond differently to certain methods of data collection compared to people with more education.

In following section each method of collection of data is discussed from the point of view of its applicability and suitability to a situation and the problems and limitations associated with it.

0.5.2  OBSERVATION

Observation is one way to collect primary data. Observation is purposeful, systematic and selective way of watching and listening to and interaction or phenomenon as it takes place. There are many situations in which observation is the most appropriate method of data collection; for example when one wants to learn about the interaction in a group, study the dietary pattern of a population, ascertain the function performed by a worker or study the behavior or personality traits of an individual.

Types of Observation

     There are two types of observation:
·                              
                participant observation
·      
                non-participant observation


Participant observation is when one, as a researcher, participate in the activities of the group being observed in the same manner as its members, with or without their knowing that they are being observed.
Non-participant observation on other hand, is when one as a researcher do not get involved in the activities of the group but remains a passive observer, watching and listening to its activity and drawing conclusion from this.


0.5.3  FORMS OF QUESION
·                
                           open-ended; or
·                        
                            closed-end

In open-ended question the possible responses are not given.
e.g.  What is your current age? ____________ years

In a closed-ended question the possible answer are set out in the questionnaire or schedule and the respondent or the investigator ticks the category that best describes the respondent's answer.
e.g. Please indicate your age by placing a tick in the appropriate category.
                                                                under 15            
                                                                15-19 years
                                                                  20-24 years



                                                             


           0.5.4  COLLECTING DATA USING SECONDARY       SOURCES

           This section lists some of the many secondary sources that can be                 grouped into the following categories:

           
          Government or semi-government publications -- there are many government and semi-government organization that collect data on a regular basis in a variety of areas and publish it for use by members of the public and interest group. Some common examples are the census, vital statistical registration, labour force surveys, health report, economic forecast and demographic information.
    
          

        Earlier research-- for some topics, an enormous number of research studies that have already been done by other can provide you with the required information.
         Personal records -- some people write historical and personal records that may provide the information one needs.
        Mass media -- report published in newspapers, magazines and so on may be another good source of data.


                 0.6  SUMMARY

             In this project one learns about the various methods of data    
                collection. The methods used to collect information about a
                situation, phenomenon, issue or group of people can be classified
                as :           
·                  primary source
·                   secondary source
  Interviewing, observation and the use of questionnaires are the three main methods classified under primary sources . All other source, where the information required in already available, such as government publications, reports and previous research are called secondary sources.
 The choice of a particular method of collecting data depends upon the purpose collecting information, the type of information being collected, the resources available to you, your skills in the use of a particular method of data collection and the socioeconomic-demographic characteristics of your study population. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages and each is appropriate for certain situation. The choice of a particular method of collecting data is important in itself for enduring the quality of the information. No method of data collection will guarantee 100% accurate information. The quality of information is dependent upon several methodological, situational and respondent related factors and one's ability as researchers lies in either controlling or minimizing the effect of these factors in the process of data collection.
The use of open-ended and close ended questions is appropriate for different situations. Both of them have strengths and weaknesses. Researcher should be aware of these so that one can use them properly and appropriately.
The construction of a research instrument is the most important aspect of any research endeavor as it determines the nature and quality of the information. This is the input of the study and the output is entirely dependent upon it. The method suggested in this paper ensures that questions in an instrument have a direct link the objectives. The wording of questions can have several problems and one should keep them in mind while formulating the questions. This way the methods play a vital role in collection of data in research work of a particular topic.










     0.7     BIBLIOGRAPHY

      1)  Festinger Leon and Katz Daniel - Research methods in behavioral                  
           Science by (1966) Gravetter Publications 4th edition
      2)  Kumar Ranjit -- Research Methodology, Second edition
           copyright 2005 by Pearson Education Australia
      3)   Saikia Nogen -- Gabexona Paddhati Parichay, Second Edition
            copyright 2005 by Koustav Publications, Dibrugah






[1]  Footnote
books - Research methods in behavioral Science by Leon Festinger and Daniel Katz (1966)

[2] footnote
Research Methodology - A Step by Step Guide For Beginners (second edition)
Ranjit Kumar